Articles
DOI DOI: 10.62441/actainnovations.v63i.1095

ACCELERATED CO₂ CURING OF WASTE-DERIVED BIOCHAR–CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEMS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CARBON PERMANENCE AND METAL STABILITY

Arie Dipareza Syafei1, Melani Febriwati 2, Joni Hermana 2, Abdu Fadli Assomadi 2, Ahmad Basshofi Habieb 3, Wahyuniarsih Sutrisno 4, Fathiah Mohamed Zuki5
  1. 1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia.
  2. 2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia.
  3. 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia.
  4. 4 Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia.
  5. 5 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Malaysia.

Abstract

The use of waste-derived biochar in cementitious materials under accelerated CO₂ curing has gained increasing attention as a strategy to combine carbon utilization with waste valorization in low-carbon construction. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 122 experimental studies to examine how carbonation-induced pH changes affect three closely linked aspects of performance in biochar–cementitious systems: CO₂ uptake, carbon permanence, and heavy metal stability. The reviewed studies show that accelerated carbonation generally promotes carbonate formation and matrix densification, which can improve interfacial characteristics and enhance CO₂ uptake. Importantly, the decline in pore solution pH from highly alkaline conditions toward about 9.0–10.5 does not appear to automatically reduce environmental safety. Within this range, several studies report lower mobility of amphoteric metals such as Pb, Zn, and Cd, mainly due to carbonate precipitation, physical encapsulation, and surface interactions with biochar. The literature further suggests that biochar replacement levels of around 1–5 wt.% of cement often provide a reasonable balance between carbon uptake and mechanical performance, although the optimum varies with feedstock, pyrolysis conditions, particle size, and curing regime. Based on these trends, this review proposes a conceptual Safe Operating Space for CO₂-cured biochar–cementitious systems and a Waste Source Hierarchy for feedstock selection. Overall, accelerated CO₂ curing appears to offer a credible route for carbon utilization in biochar-containing cementitious materials, with additional potential benefits for contaminant immobilization and long-term carbon retention. Further work is needed to improve leaching assessment, carbon accounting, and field-scale validation.

How to Cite

Syafei, A. D., Febriwati , M., Hermana , J., Assomadi , A. F., Habieb , A. B., Sutrisno , W., & Zuki, F. M. (2026). ACCELERATED CO₂ CURING OF WASTE-DERIVED BIOCHAR–CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEMS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CARBON PERMANENCE AND METAL STABILITY. ACTA INNOVATIONS, 63, 237–256. https://doi.org/10.62441/actainnovations.v63i.1095
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